always-panic

Typed errors and Rust-style Result types for TypeScript.

Handle failures as values instead of untyped exceptions: define error codes, wrap throwing code with try, and chain operations with map, andThen, and friends. Works in sync and async code.

Install

npm install always-panic
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Requires a modern ESM runtime (Node.js 18+, Bun, Deno, etc.). Zero runtime dependencies.

TypeScript support

Requires TypeScript 5.4 or newer. There is no upper bound — 6.x and 7.x (the native port) are both supported.

TypeScript	Status
≤ 5.2	Not supported — result.all and AsyncResult.all infer unknown[] instead of a tuple
5.3	Not supported — orElse of two different Ok payloads then andThen leaks OkContent<R> into the callback
5.4 and newer	Supported, including 6.x and 7.x

5.4 is the floor because chaining orElse across distinct Ok types, then andThen on a shared field, only infers correctly from that release. (const type parameters for result.all arrived in 5.3, but that is no longer the limiting check.)

Every pull request runs a CI matrix over TypeScript 5.4 (the floor), 5.9, 6.0, and 7.0: on each version it compiles the full type test suite and a downstream consumer against the shipped .d.ts under nodenext, node16, and bundler resolution, with strict and skipLibCheck: false. Locally, bun run test:compat runs the consumer checks against your installed TypeScript.

API reference: https://xkatianx.github.io/always-panic/

Design rationale (expected vs unexpected errors, .try(), always-panic): CORE_CONCEPTS.md

Standalone Result / AsyncResult guide (no typed errors required): src/result/README.md

Quick start

import { UnexpectedError, TypedError, ok, err, result } from 'always-panic'

enum AppErrorCode {
  NOT_FOUND,
  INVALID_INPUT,
}

class AppError extends TypedError<AppErrorCode> {
  static override fromAny(e: unknown) {
    if (e instanceof Error && e.message === 'db row not found') {
      return new AppError(AppErrorCode.NOT_FOUND, e.message)
    }
    return UnexpectedError.fromAny(e)
  }
}

function findUser(id: string) {
  return result.panic(
    AppError.try(() => {
      if (id === '') return err(new AppError(AppErrorCode.INVALID_INPUT, 'id is empty'))
      if (id === 'missing') throw new Error('db row not found')
      return ok({ id, name: 'Alice' })
    }),
  )
}

const found = findUser('missing')

if (found.isOk()) {
  console.log(found.value.name)
} else {
  console.error(found.error.code, found.error.message)
}
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Thrown values are converted through your error class's fromAny and returned as Err. Return ok(...) or err(...) explicitly when you already know the outcome.

Core concepts

Typed errors

TypedError is the base class for domain errors. Subclass it with a numeric enum of codes (Code is number). No constructor boilerplate is needed — name is set from the class name automatically (declare a field override name = 'ParseError' if it must survive minification):

import { TypedError, UnexpectedError } from 'always-panic'

enum ParseErrorCode {
  INVALID_JSON,
  EMPTY_INPUT,
  BAD_TOKEN,
}

class ParseError<
  C extends ParseErrorCode = ParseErrorCode,
> extends TypedError<C> {
  static override fromAny(e: unknown) {
    if (e instanceof SyntaxError) {
      return new ParseError(ParseErrorCode.INVALID_JSON, e.message)
    }
    return UnexpectedError.fromAny(e)
  }
}
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Keeping the class generic in its code (ParseError<C extends ParseErrorCode = ParseErrorCode>) makes factories and fromAny produce narrowly-typed errors (ParseError<ParseErrorCode.INVALID_JSON>), so a function's error union advertises exactly the codes it can produce — which is what makes match exhaustiveness (below) precise.

Each code can carry a typed info payload by passing an info map as the second type parameter. The constructor then requires info exactly when the map entry is not undefined-able:

type ParseErrorInfoMap = {
  [ParseErrorCode.INVALID_JSON]: undefined
  [ParseErrorCode.EMPTY_INPUT]: undefined
  [ParseErrorCode.BAD_TOKEN]: { token: string }
}

class ParseError<
  C extends ParseErrorCode = ParseErrorCode,
> extends TypedError<C, ParseErrorInfoMap> {}

new ParseError(ParseErrorCode.BAD_TOKEN, 'bad', { token: 'x' }) // info required
new ParseError(ParseErrorCode.EMPTY_INPUT, 'empty') // info omitted
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Because the required-info constructor signature only resolves for concrete codes, subclasses should not declare their own constructors (there is nothing left to do in one).

UnexpectedError holds failures that are not yet typed (usually from .try() / fromAny). Map known cases to your TypedError with fromAny or mapErr; call result.panic on remaining UnexpectedError inside your package instead of exporting it in public Result types. For impossible branches, return err(UnexpectedError.unreachable('…')) and panic before export.

See CORE_CONCEPTS.md for the full expected vs unexpected model and why only UnexpectedError attaches cause on unwrap.

Result<T, E> and AsyncResult<T, E>

A discriminated union of Ok<T> and Err<E>, modeled after Rust's Result, plus AsyncResult — a thenable wrapper around Promise<Result> with the same combinators.

The Result half stands alone: E can be any type, and nothing in it requires TypedError. See the Result README for the full guide — creating values, the method table, early return with result.gen (Rust's ? operator), the result namespace utilities, and AsyncResult.all / AsyncResult.merge.

import { ok, err, type Result } from 'always-panic'

const success = ok(42)
const failure = err(new ParseError(ParseErrorCode.EMPTY_INPUT, 'nope'))
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result.panic

Use result.panic(res) before returning from public APIs: if res is still Err(UnexpectedError), it throws via unwrap() (with a traceable cause chain); otherwise it returns res with UnexpectedError removed from the error union.

panic accepts a Result or a PromiseLike<Result> (including an AsyncResult) and stays in that world — sync in, sync out; async in, AsyncResult out. In the async case the panic surfaces as a rejection rather than a synchronous throw:

// sync — throws here
const r = result.panic(MathError.try(() => ok(divide(a, b))))

// async — rejects on await, still chainable
const r = await result.panic(MathError.try(async () => ok(await fetchUser('1'))))
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result.panicSync / result.panicAsync are the explicit variants, mirroring trySync / tryAsync; prefer panic unless you need to pin the overload.

YourTypedError.is — narrow by class and code

A static type guard. With no codes it narrows to the class — use it to split a mixed-class error union. With codes it also narrows code and info (when the class has an info map), so no e.code as YourErrorCode cast is needed downstream:

if (ParseError.is(e, ParseErrorCode.BAD_TOKEN)) {
  e.code // ParseErrorCode.BAD_TOKEN
  e.info // { token: string }
}
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Narrowing keeps union members that are already narrower than the class (e.g. ParseError<A> in ParseError<A> | HttpError<B>), so a following match still exhausts only the value's codes. Note that narrowing is structural: two error classes sharing the same enum and info shape cannot be told apart at the type level (at runtime is still distinguishes them via instanceof).

On a distributed union (ParseError<A> | ParseError<B> — the shape narrowly-typed factories produce), a fully matched member is also subtracted in the false branch, exactly like === narrowing on a discriminant. That makes is the lightweight way to recover from one code, with the recovered code trimmed from the resulting union:

const items = parseItems(input).orElse((e) =>
  ParseError.is(e, ParseErrorCode.EMPTY_INPUT) ? ok([]) : err(e),
) // EMPTY_INPUT is trimmed from the error union
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The subtraction cannot see inside a single wide instantiation (ParseError<A | B>) — there the false branch keeps the full union; use match when you need per-code handling regardless of shape.

YourTypedError.match — exhaustively map codes

match maps an error to a value with one handler per code, like Rust's match on an error enum. Exhaustiveness is keyed on the value's static type, not the class's full enum: an error typed ParseError<EMPTY_INPUT | BAD_TOKEN> requires handlers for exactly those two codes. When upstream widens a function's error union with a new code, every match on it without else fails to compile, naming exactly the missing code.

declare const e: ParseError<
  ParseErrorCode.EMPTY_INPUT | ParseErrorCode.BAD_TOKEN
>

// exhaustive — a handler per code in the value's type; code & info narrowed per branch
const msg = ParseError.match(e, {
  [ParseErrorCode.EMPTY_INPUT]: () => 'nothing to parse',
  [ParseErrorCode.BAD_TOKEN]: (e) => `bad token ${e.info.token}`,
})

// partial — any subset of codes plus a required `else`
const msg2 = ParseError.match(e, {
  [ParseErrorCode.BAD_TOKEN]: (e) => `bad token ${e.info.token}`,
  else: (e) => e.message,
})
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match is also how you recover from some codes while propagating the rest — handlers that keep a code return err(e) with e narrowed to that one code, so recovered codes are erased from the resulting error union:

const items = parseItems(input).orElse((e) =>
  ParseError.match(e, {
    [ParseErrorCode.EMPTY_INPUT]: () => ok([]),
    [ParseErrorCode.BAD_TOKEN]: (e) => err(e), // e: ParseError<BAD_TOKEN>
  }),
) // Result<Item[], ParseError<ParseErrorCode.BAD_TOKEN>> — EMPTY_INPUT is gone
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(Erasure needs the exhaustive form: an else handler receives the un-narrowed error, so codes routed through else keep the full union.)

match is a static method (ParseError.match(e, ...)) rather than an instance method because distributed unions like ParseError<A> | ParseError<B> — the shape produced by separate err() branches — cannot dispatch a generic instance method, and calling it on the class rejects errors of other classes whose numeric codes would otherwise collide. Use is to split a mixed-class union first, then match to exhaust one class's codes.

YourTypedError.try or UnexpectedError.try

Wrap sync or async functions and turn thrown values into Err. Use a domain subclass of TypedError (override fromAny, fall back to UnexpectedError.fromAny(e)). Use UnexpectedError.try only when you have no domain error yet. Do not call TypedError.fromAny on the base class — it throws.

// sync → Result
const sync = ParseError.trySync(() => doWork())

// async → AsyncResult
const async = ParseError.tryAsync(async () => await doWork())

// or let try pick sync vs async from the callback's return type
const either = ParseError.try(() => doWork())
const fromAsync = ParseError.try(async () => ok(await load()))
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Explicit variants: trySync and tryAsync.

End-to-end example

The pattern below wraps third-party functions that throw, maps known failures to domain errors, and falls back to UnexpectedError for everything else:

import { UnexpectedError, TypedError, err, ok, result } from 'always-panic'

function divide(a: number, b: number) {
  if (b === 0) throw new Error('denominator is 0')
  return a / b
}

enum MathErrorCode {
  DIVISION_BY_ZERO,
}

class MathError extends TypedError<MathErrorCode> {
  static override fromAny(e: unknown) {
    if (e instanceof Error && e.message === 'denominator is 0') {
      return new MathError(MathErrorCode.DIVISION_BY_ZERO, e.message)
    }
    return UnexpectedError.fromAny(e)
  }
}

export function safeDivide(a: number, b: number) {
  return result.panic(MathError.try(() => ok(divide(a, b))))
}

const divided = safeDivide(10, 0)
// divided.isErr() === true
// divided.error.code === MathErrorCode.DIVISION_BY_ZERO
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See the math example in the repo for a fuller version with mapErr, result.panic, and nested try/catch mapping.

API exports

// Errors
export { TypedError, UnexpectedError, UnexpectedErrorCode }
export type {
  Code,
  InfoMap, // constraint for TypedError's info-map type parameter
  CodeContent, // code union of an error type's static type
  AtCode, // error type narrowed to specific code(s)
  IsCode, // `is` predicate: AtCode keyed on the argument's type
  MatchHandlers, // exhaustive handler map for TypedError.match
  PartialMatchHandlers, // partial handler map + `else` for TypedError.match
  TypedErrorClass, // static-side shape used by the `try` helpers
}

// Result (values)
export { Ok, Err, ok, err, result, AsyncResult }

// Result (types)
export type {
  Result,
  ResultBase,
  ResultLike,
  OkContent,
  ErrContent,
  DeepReadonly,
  MaybeResult,
  MaybeOkContent,
  ResultOkTypes,
  ResultErrTypes,
  AsyncResultOkTypes,
  AsyncResultErrTypes,
}

// result namespace
result.ok       // ok() with no argument is Ok(undefined): Result<void, never>
result.err
result.asIs     // widen merged Result unions for type assertions
result.all      // sync Result.all
result.isResult
result.fromMaybe   // normalize a MaybeResult into a Result
result.panic       // unwrap remaining UnexpectedError before export (sync or async)
result.panicSync   // the sync part of panic
result.panicAsync  // the async part of panic
result.gen         // early return via yield* — Rust's `?` operator (sync or async)
result.genSync     // the sync part of gen
result.genAsync    // the async part of gen
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Development

git clone https://github.com/xkatianx/always-panic.git
cd always-panic
bun install
bun test
bun run build
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License

MIT